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The Unsung Heroes of Society: Three Golden Rules for Researchers

Abrar Hussain

International center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan.

Email: abrarhussain0307@gmail.com

 

Researchers are the most important yet least appreciated individuals in society. They dedicate their lives to solving problems, uncovering the mysteries, creating innovations, and diagnosing diseases. Their tireless efforts enable us to lead harmonious and fascinating lives, often at the cost of their own well-being.

A researcher’s journey is demanding. Long hours in labs, unrelenting challenges, and constant pressure often lead to frustration, exhaustion, defeat, embitterment, and infuriation. Despite being the critical thinkers, agents of change, and diligent contributors, researchers seldom receive the recognition they deserve. This lack of acknowledgment, combined with the overwhelming demands of their work, can leave them feeling embittered and demotivated.

Recognizing this, I was inspired to explore strategies to support researchers in maintaining consistency, enthusiasm, and a positive outlook. After extensive observation, discussion, reading, and attending various conferences, I developed what I call the Three Golden Rules (3GR)—a set of rules designed to help researchers to have happier and more productive lives. These rules not only aim to combat frustration but also encourage younger researchers to embrace research with passion and purpose.

The Three Golden Rules (3GR) for Researchers

Golden Rule 1: Avoid Comparison

Comparison is often the root of dissatisfaction and frustration. Many researchers fall into the trap of measuring their achievements against others, forgetting that each individual possesses unique skills, strengths, and potential. Embracing one’s own journey, rather than comparing it to someone else’s, fosters self-discovery and satisfaction. Understanding that success takes different forms for different people can lead to a more fulfilling and peaceful mindset.

Golden Rule 2: Embrace Hard Work

The modern emphasis on working smart has often been misinterpreted, leading some to undervalue the importance of hard work. While efficiency is essential, hard work remains the cornerstone of success, especially in research. Dedication and consistent effort not only differentiate one researcher from another but also reduce the burden of unfinished tasks. Hard work and timely completion can ensure progress and build resilience.

Golden Rule 3: Focus on the Process, No-Results Oriented

Research is inherently unpredictable, and results often deviate from initial expectations. This can lead to disappointment or even abandonment of projects. However, patience and perseverance are critical. Sometimes, extraordinary results emerge only after numerous attempts. Additionally, adopting a mindset rooted in faith—understanding that outcomes align with what is destined for us—can provide peace of mind and strengthen resolve. As researchers, we are the tools for discovery, not the sole architects of outcomes. Trusting the process and faith can reorient our focus and enhance our performance.

Conclusion

Practicing non-comparison, embracing hard work, and focusing on the process rather than results can lead the researchers to alleviate stress and rediscover their passion for inquiry. Coupled with time management, patience, and a belief in the role of destiny, these principles offer a framework for leading a more balanced and fulfilling life as a researcher. The 3GR approach encourages researchers to persevere through challenges and find joy in their contributions to society.

Let us support and uplift our researchers, providing them with the encouragement and recognition they truly deserve. Together, we can ensure their invaluable work continues to shape a brighter future for all.

 

 

7 Questions on Leadership with Abrar Hussain

Its my honor that a prestigious international organization Clarity Group Global has been published my "7 Questions on Leadership" interview. I I am truly grateful to Jonno White for conducting the interview and sharing it on their website.

Aims and Objective:

The aim of these interviews is to uncover the hidden talents of young individuals and highlight the paths that contribute to reshaping their personalities. These interviews serve as a powerful source of inspiration, encouraging others to step forward and explore their own potential.

Key message of my interview:

I am a research scholar by profession with strong leadership skills. I’ve discovered that many young people possess untapped potential, often due to a lack of resources and poor time management. I believe that waiting for the "perfect time" isn’t necessary—now is the time to explore your hidden potential and make a difference in the world. Consistency is a key trait of a leader, so once you begin exploring an idea, follow it through to completion, undeterred by temporary obstacles. The three golden rules I live by are: work hard, avoid comparison, and maintain strong faith. These principles set you apart from others.

please find the full interview on the website

https://www.consultclarity.org/post/7-questions-with-abrar-hussain

https://www.theearthneedslove.com/2024/08/microorganisms-and-climate-change.html 

Microorganisms and Climate Change: The Smallest Doing the Bigger

                                Abrar Hussain (abrarhussain0307@gmail.com)

International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan

Microorganisms

Microorganisms are the oldest living creatures in our planet which arise some 3.5 billion years ago. These are the most diverse, abundant, and highly prevalent creature in different environments, being dominated in one place while less somewhere else. Approximately 159,000 different kinds of microorganism’s species are exist, which affect almost every aspect of our lives. Reshaping our personality, affect our mood and physiological functions, combating aging, promoting biotechnological applications, and being used as probiotics are the few diversified areas that are affected by microorganisms. Ranging in their presence in food sources to water, in household to the clinical, and from soil to air, these creatures also have a strong hold on the climate. Currently, microbes are used in plenty of applications that include nutrient recycling, the food industry, agriculture, carbon and nitrogen cycles, and other applications, as summarized in Figure 1. Besides the positive attributes of microorganisms, they are also the vectors of disease transmission and thus cause the deaths of humans, animals, and the environment. Due to their ubiquitous distribution, microorganisms are now considered a potential contributor to climate change.

Figure 1. The important functions and applications of microorganisms

Climate change  

The term climate refers to the long-term weather pattern of a specific region, while climate change describes the long-term changes or shifts in the weather conditions of a particular area. The term climate change was coined by Wallace Broecker (a geochemist) in 1975 to emphasize the importance of global temperature. Soon after, this concept was highlighted at different levels. climate change is an issue of great concern as it affects all aspects of our lives. It reflects global warming and thus becomes a one-point threat to human concerns. It adversely affects our environments and thus the human health through causing change in weather patterns, air pollutions, global warming, destroy the agriculture, lowering food productions, and increasing hunger and inadequate nutrition. Due to its potential impacts on our lives, efforts on every scale are being made to overcome the consequences of climate change. Numerous international, national, organizational, and individual efforts are made to develop strategies, guidelines, and rules that help to lower the effects of climate change. Different approaches and methodologies are proposed that help to understand the exact causative agent of climate change and the ways in which it will work effectively.

Microorganisms and climate change

Highlighting the potential role of microorganisms in our environments, like biodegradation, cleaning, and markers of environmental pollution, these are also considered to play an important role in climate change. Their role in climate change is well recognized, as they reflect different aspects of the environment. But their versatility, greater prevalence, and substantial interactions make it difficult to explore their role in climate change and greenhouse gases. These are involved in the production and utilization of greenhouse gases i.e., carbon dioxide, methane, etc. and hence produce positive and negative effects on climate change. On the other hand, the climate change negatively affects the microorganisms by acidification, warming, and a rough temperature, resulting a misbalance in their ecological distribution.    

The effects of microbes on humans and animals are prominent, indicating their importance in our lives. Similarly, the effect of climate change is not only restricted to a few terms; it covers all the environmental changes that include changes in temperature, pH, and soil topological properties, which in turn affect the microbe’s prevalence and distribution. The warming of the earth leads perishable food, more disease cases, and enhanced natural disasters, which lower the microbe’s activities. Fortunately, the physiological potential of microbes, like their growth properties, greater prevalence, and ability to share genetic information, makes them fit for environmental adaptations. These adaptations take place in several ways, like increasing bacterial respiration, developing proteins that resist environmental conditions, etc., and hence helping the microorganisms to survive during climate change. Viruses also have the potential to show adaptation to the environment being affected by climate change. These changes in microbial biology can have a great impact on humans and other animals.   

Microorganisms are also used as a solution to climate change. It is documented that microbial tools can provide a potential solution for climate change in the environment. These can also provide an intricate line of innovation while addressing climate change issues. Likewise, the soil microbiota brings changes to the plants, like making them more resistant to harsh conditions and increasing productivity, while also protecting plants from different climate change effects. A type of bacteria called Methanotrophs has the potential to reduce the emission of methane, a greenhouse gas, and thus lower the effects of climate change.  The different aspects of microorganisms and climate change are illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2. The different aspects of microorganism, climate change, their interactions and solutions.

Humans' activities produce the greenhouse gases (GHG) in large quantities and thus cause change in the climate. Microorganisms can consume these GHGs when they are required for their growth. Despite being pathogenic microorganisms that cause several diseases, other microbes are adversely affected by climate change and ultimately human activities. In the case of pathogenic microbes, climate change can lower their prevalence and hence decrease the burden of infectious diseases.    

The high temperature due to climate change can affect the long-term transport of pathogens and change their prevalence. The scenario becomes more adverse in terms of opportunistic pathogens. There are many ways in which these microbes can fight climate change. These include the conversion of carbon into organic matter, the nitrogen cycle (an important nutrient in plant growth), supporting plant growth, recycling soil nutrients, and reducing soil pollution by lowering the toxic chemicals in the soil. The development of smart agriculture approaches also lowers the effects of climate change.

Conclusion

Microorganisms are the smallest creatures that have existed since billions of years ago. These have a potential effect on humans, animals, and environments. Greater prevalence, versatile nature, dynamic physiological characteristics, rapid growth, and both beneficial and pathogenic nature make microbes an important agent of our biosphere, which cannot be neglected. Recently, climate change and its associated phenomena, i.e., global warming and greenhouse gas production, got special attention due to their substantial effects on humans. Besides plenty of other players in climate change, microorganisms are also included. Microbes have the smallest size but have a bigger effect as they directly affect humans' lives. Both positive and negative effects are identified for both climate change and microorganisms. On the one hand, the microorganisms show adaptations to climate change and thus create resistance; on the other hand, they help to overcome the negative impacts of climate change. In conclusion, microorganisms play an important role in climate change, either by producing resistance in plants or by developing adaptations.

Further reading

1-      https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0222-5

2-      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580166/

3-      https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/mbio.00800-22

4- https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/prevalence-of-microorganisms-in-indoor-household-environments-and-their-pathogenesis-105312.html

5-      https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14030064

The Human Microbiome and Personality Traits

Abrar Hussain

International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan

E-mail: abrarhussain0307@gmail.com

Microorganisms have a ubiquitous distribution and are found in all environmental niches with different capacities and concentrations, making an approximate number of 159,000 species. Bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses, etc. are different types of microorganisms that contribute to different processes. Before the identification of their biotechnological applications, these were considered pathogens, and everyone tried to stay away from them. It’s just the game of a few centuries that changed the whole paradigm, and a large population shifted to use them as positively as possible. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms with beneficial properties, are just a glimpse of this potential. It’s the glory of genetic techniques and biotechnology—the combinatorial approach that both enhanced their usage and identified new applications, besides understanding their proper nature and potential. The collection of microorganisms associated with one particular object is called the microbiome, or microbiota. As described, these microbes are also found in humans, with full pros and cons.

Humans, which are the cream of creation and the most advanced creatures of ALLAH (GOD) in the universe, are the most important integrity of anything, anytime, and anywhere. Diving deep into the human body just reflects the intricate nature, super coordination, and extreme advanced systems. Any minute disturbance can have a huge impact on the whole body. Now it’s the power of thrilling thirst that shows how someone interlinked the two extremes—the human and the microorganisms. It’s the fact that the human body is like a ball diving in a sea of microorganisms, with approximately one human cell per 10 microorganisms. Just for curiosity, the human gut microbiota has 10¹⁴ microbes with 1000 different species, and hence the game starts over here.

Looking critically and asking a question, can this sea of microbes in and/or on the human body have nothing to do with the physiology, psychology, and behavior of the individual? Honestly, the answer is no; these microorganisms played a pivotal role in the mentioned domains of a person's life. Its mow experimentally validated that gut microbiota play a significant role in the physiological status of the animals. The concept of gut-brain axis arises from another mind-blowing research study in which gut microorganisms signify their value in brain and mind functions. Advancing more, these microbes, which are generally called psychobiotics, have potential effects on the treatment of neuropsychological disorders and help with cognition.

Scientifically, it has now been shown that different personality traits are associated with the presence of different microorganisms in the gut. In research, it was identified that both gut microbiome composition and diversity are related to differences in personality like sociability and neuroticism. For instance, it was documented that a person with a large social circle had a diverse microbiome with good health, in contrast to a depressed person, who had lower microbial diversity. Likewise, mood, behavior, stress, and other cognitive functions are affected by the gut microbiota and thus reflect personality traits. Likely, the skin microbiota, which also has diverse bacteria, can affect the appearance of a person. Currently, the modern living style of fewer interactions may create dysbiosis in the gut, thus leading to different consequences. 

In conclusion, both humans and microorganisms are the unique creatures of ALLAH, the one with the most sophisticated and complex nature, while the other with the extreme small size and simplest structure. Although both are crucial and utmost important for each other and greatly affect one another’s functions. 

References and further readings

1.       Hussain, A., Rahman, M., Bibi, T., Fatima, R., Arif, I., Barwant, M. M., & Ali, S. A. (2024). Prevalence of Microorganisms in Indoor Household Environ-ments and their Pathogenesis.

2.       Johnson, K. V. A. (2020). Gut microbiome composition and diversity are related to human personality traits. Human Microbiome Journal, 15, 100069.

3.       https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378625269_The_Friendly_Microbes_the_Probiotics

4.       https://abrarhussain0307.blogspot.com/

5.       http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19473.20325

Published by: EduTarbiyah

Open Mind and Broad Mind: The Personality Traits

Abrar Hussain

International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan.

Email: abrarhussain0307@gmail.com

Introduction

The traits and characteristics that aid in the behavior and uniqueness of a person are referred as a person’s personality. Personality has its influence in every aspect of life. Among other traits in a person’s behavior openness is consider top of them. A similar term “broad mind” is often used interchangeably with the open mind person, although there is a difference between the two. An open minded-person is described by their acceptance of other’s opinions and arguments. By nature, the open mind persons are creative, intelligent, and have the power of patience. While broad mind person means a person having an open mind and a diversity of tolerance. Collectively both of these are important for a person’s growth especially, for their professional grooming. But, most of people misuse these words by describing a character that is directly related to the way of talking and body moments. This is why it is important to understand these two terms and describe their natural potential.

Open-minded person in reality are the real changers and can bring changes not only in their own traits but also in the society and even in the whole world. If a person has to accept other arguments, listen to them patiently, and respond in a better way it may create a difference in the decision. Such persons are empathetic to others even if they disagree with their opinions. But, most of the young generation negatively take the open-mind traits and describe any kind of foolish, fruitless, and idle action of a person. The same meaning is mostly used for the girls, indicating the girl’s immodesty, shamelessness, and impudence. The key possessions of open-mind persons include a non-judgmental attitude, seen both sides of an issue, creating opportunities, have love for adventures, and have curiosity for learning.

The comparative term is the broad mind person who, which in reality is a flexible, tolerant, and free-thinker person that have the potential to gain new ideas and concept in every situation. A broad-minded person has different characteristics, like, having more knowledge, being humble to others, thinking logically, accepting the other perspectives, being time conscious, honest, and using its own wisdom for a decision. In a general way, the broad term is extensively used during a final decision of an argument and when a person solve a problem by their wisdom. 

The characteristics of both of these traits are positive and near to nature, as they accept other arguments, thoughts, and beliefs. These qualities are considered important traits in a person’s life and help them to survive in a better way in society. Understanding the real spirit of these terms can remove the negativity and idleness which are associated with these traits. Being positive traits it is advised to all for its adaptations and real life implementations. Although, it is not acquired easily, but patience and practice can bring these traits to our personal growth.

 

The importance of open mindedness

An open mind individual having the prescribed characteristics are the real changer of any situations. As stated such persons have the potential to think logically and look on both side during an argument which make them a free thinker and a decision making person. In any kind of relationship such person can take care of their friends and try to solve the misconception of any matter. An open-mind persons have the potential to take a step that make a difference, these are not fearing about the consequences of a good decision. They also have to stand in the front of a wrong person with cruel or one sided decisions. The importance of open mindedness is even more important during relationship as they help to think logically and agree or disagree to other’s decision with confident and solid background. They help each individual to grow and provide an opportunity to others to make their own value and statements. It is the most important that being an open minded person one’s can also change their thoughts and assumptions.

The misconception of open-minded person

An open mind individual is considered a grooming personality that have a positive impact on the society and have the potential to change the existing value in the societies. But, as the term as more related to the personal characteristics like, patience, tolerance, acceptance, and open to accept the challenges, unfortunately, in the modern era the term is described more for a person’s action. This change in the paradigm can shift the real meaning into a wrong direction describing the bold steps and shameless behaviors.

Conclusion

Open mind and broad mind are the two key properties in a person’s personality development. A healthy and meaningful personality can be build when the real concept of broad mindedness is followed. This trait will not help an individual growth but also help to create multiple opportunities for others, develop rational thinking, tolerance to harsh behaviors, expand the knowledge, and more importantly to give values to others opinion in any circumstances.  

      

The Friendly Microbes: The Probiotics

Abrar Hussain

HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270 Pakistan (abrarhussain0307@gmail.com)

Published by: https://sindhbiotech.com/magazine/ 

Microorganisms are only seen with a microscope, which means that their presence in or on the body and everywhere can visualized only by a microscope and identified and chartered by different microbiological assays. The coverage of all aspects of these microbes are studied under the branch of natural science, microbiology. Ordinarily when someone hears the term microbe or microorganism, unintentionally the negative aspects of microbes are circulating in their minds. But, in reality the scenario is different, which means that not all microorganisms are pathogenic and harmful, but these are used in a huge application, even for the betterment of human, and thus create the concept of biotechnology, in which the microorganisms are used for the help of humanity. Think about the human microbiota (the collection of all microbes in or on the human body) which is 10 times more than the human body’s cells, and can add up to 2kg of weight and 60,000 genes. If all these microbes were supposed to be dangerous, what would have happened to humans? This thinking and the exclusive presence of microbes in the gut, give an idea that not all these microbes are dangerous, a large number of them are known as friendly or beneficial microbes, scientifically with certain characteristics, and are known as probiotics.  

The concept of probiotics was developed by a Nobel Laureate, Elie Metchnikoff in the early 20^th century, for those microorganisms which have the ability to enhance the host’s life span. With time the term was defined by different scientists, WHO/FAO, and finally by the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP). Probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts can confer health benefit to a host. The probiotic science is growing rapidly which is shown by number of publications targeting the various features of probiotics. Although there are selection criteria that must be followed by a strain (probiotics is strain-dependent phenomena), but still their number is still increasing rapidly. Currently, seven genera of microorganisms are proposed for their probiotic potential. The most common genera are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium followed by Enterococcus. The genus Enterococcus has special properties like genome plasticity, and enterocins production (anti-bacterial substance), which make them fit in the probiotic category, as this genus is not included in Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status.

Which microorganisms are used as probiotics? There is guidelines proposed by European Food Safety Agency (EFSA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Health Organization (WHO), which must be properly stated by the probiotic developer and manufacturer. The strain safety i.e. no virulence and antibiotic resistance genes etc. must be ensured, and the technical and biotechnological properties must be validated. The desired properties in probiotic microorganisms include tolerance to harsh conditions (gut and biotechnological process), free from virulence traits, no antibiotic-resistance genes, production of antimicrobial substances (bacteriocins), killing pathogens, adherence to the mucosal cells, and competition for binding in the gut. There are some properties of selection that are changing with specific applications and usage. The probiotic strain that are developed for human usage require more specific and safety evaluation. The different form of probiotics is also tested for their long-term storage and safety.

Why probiotics got high attention in the research community? The probiotics have a high number of health benefits that range from gut restoration potential to treatment of disease, and from biotechnological applications to food safety enhancement. As already stated these are friendly microorganisms which have an impact on their host, like they can enhance the immunity of the host, restore the gut dysbiosis (imbalance in the gut microbiota), exclude the enteric pathogens, produce bacteriocins, and secrete some metabolites. The more health benefits that are associated with probiotics are, the treatment of diseases, particularly digestive disorders, have anti-aging potential (Gerobiotics), effect on the psychological functions of the brain and mind (Psychobiotics), produce short-chain fatty acids, nitrous oxides, etc., eradicate the food-borne pathogens, enhance the food shelf life, give taste and aroma to the products, maintain the gut integrity, reduce stress and anxiety, helpful in the allergy treatment, and can boost the mood of an individual. Probiotics can also have a safe usage in pregnancy, and can enhance the testosterone level and sperm quality in males. Similarly, in aged people, the lose of memory and blurred vision like problems can also vanish with probiotics as they can help in the focus memory. Currently, extensive research is ongoing to enhance the existing potential of probiotic strains. Probiotics are also considered multifarious weapons for disease treatment and biotechnological applications.

How probiotics are transferred to the host and what are the different forms of probiotics? The probiotics are transferred to the host by various vehicles like yogurt, desserts, cheese, and juices. Each vehicle has its pros and cons, but commonly fermented milk and yogurt are used as delivery vehicles. The common forms of probiotics are tablets, capsules, powders, and liquids. Different form has both advantages and limitations like capsular form required no binder but ineffective in the upper GI tract. Similarly, the tablet form has the advantage of easy administration and effectiveness in the upper GT tract but require binders and has high cost.

How probiotics perform its action? When the probiotics enter to host by various means, they can perform their action through different mechanism. However, the general mechanism of action includes the enhancement of the epithelial cells barrier, promotion binding to mucosal cells, exclusion the enteric pathogens, production of bacteriocins, and immunomodulatory effects. Their action is mostly based on the expression of a particular molecule or secretion of different metabolites, while its effectiveness their related to their adherence and colonization potential.

How much probiotics are effective, or what is the dosage of effective probiotics? Being a strain-dependent nature the amount may vary with strains. Generally, 10⁷ to 10⁹ CFU/ml is recommended for effective usage. The probiotic product should be properly labeled like genus, species, strain, and identification number. Every year the probiotic concerned organization receives a large number of application, calming the potential of their identified probiotics but very less number are approved for animal and human usage, or as a food supplement.

What are the current trends in probiotics? Modern day technologies are opening new doors for applications. In probiotics, the concept of engineered probiotics got the attention. In this approach, the existing strains are edited with the desired properties. The extensive usage of the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) system in different applications is also applied in probiotics and hence, gives the birth of the CRISPR-biotcs. The attraction of the field is also fruitful as a large number of industries are taking an interest in the development of probiotic products. It is estimated that the total incremental growth in probiotics will be $ 31.28 billion from 2019-2024. This huge industry is now developed very well and can contribute to society.

In conclusion, the concept of friendly bacteria is applied practically and used in different applications like food, pharmaceuticals, industrial, biotechnological, and disease treatment. By definition, probiotics are live microorganisms which when taken in enough amounts confer the health benefit on the host. Probiotics have a pretty known beneficial effect and helping in various ways. The development of probiotics can change our idea about the negative affiliation of microbes when we talk about microorganisms. Recently, the field is growing fast and new ideas and concepts are developing with advanced functionalities.

References

1- Thursby, E., & Juge, N. (2017). Introduction to the human gut microbiota. The Biochemical journal, 474(11), 1823–1836. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20160510

2-Gordon, S. (2016). Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth. 223–227. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443331

3-Sanders, M. E. (2008). Probiotics: Definition, Sources, Selection, and Uses. 46(Suppl 2). https://doi.org/10.1086/523341

4-Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., ... & Sanders, M. E. (2014). The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 11(8), 506-514.

5-Hussain, A., Akram, S., Ahmad, D. et al. Molecular Assessment and Validation of the Selected Enterococcal Strains as Probiotics. Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-023-10163-6

6-Rychen, G., Aquilina, G., Azimonti, G., Bampidis, V., Bastos, M. D. L., Bories, G., Chesson, A., Cocconcelli, P. S., Kolar, B., Kouba, M., Marta, L., Flachowsky, G., Mantovani, A., Mayo, B., Ramos, F., Saarela, M., Villa, R. E., Wallace, R. J., Wester, P., Galobart, J. (2018). Guidance on the characterisation of microorganisms used as feed additives or as production organisms. 16(February), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5206

7-Morelli, Lorenzo PhD*; Capurso, Lucio MD†. FAO/WHO Guidelines on Probiotics: 10 Years Later. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 46():p S1-S2, October 2012. | DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318269fdd5

8-Hussain, Abrar. (2023). Health benefits of probiotics. Council for Scientific Approaches, Pakistan, https://www.csapakistan.com/2023/06/06/health-benefits-of-probiotics/

9-Khalighi, Amirreza & Behdani, Reza & Kouhestani, Shabnam. (2016). Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition. 10.5772/63646.

10-Hussain, A. (2022). Probiotics: Selection criteria and mechanism of action. Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 8(ISSN: 2472-1212), 9.