https://www.theearthneedslove.com/2024/08/microorganisms-and-climate-change.html 

Microorganisms and Climate Change: The Smallest Doing the Bigger

                                Abrar Hussain (abrarhussain0307@gmail.com)

International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan

Microorganisms

Microorganisms are the oldest living creatures in our planet which arise some 3.5 billion years ago. These are the most diverse, abundant, and highly prevalent creature in different environments, being dominated in one place while less somewhere else. Approximately 159,000 different kinds of microorganism’s species are exist, which affect almost every aspect of our lives. Reshaping our personality, affect our mood and physiological functions, combating aging, promoting biotechnological applications, and being used as probiotics are the few diversified areas that are affected by microorganisms. Ranging in their presence in food sources to water, in household to the clinical, and from soil to air, these creatures also have a strong hold on the climate. Currently, microbes are used in plenty of applications that include nutrient recycling, the food industry, agriculture, carbon and nitrogen cycles, and other applications, as summarized in Figure 1. Besides the positive attributes of microorganisms, they are also the vectors of disease transmission and thus cause the deaths of humans, animals, and the environment. Due to their ubiquitous distribution, microorganisms are now considered a potential contributor to climate change.

Figure 1. The important functions and applications of microorganisms

Climate change  

The term climate refers to the long-term weather pattern of a specific region, while climate change describes the long-term changes or shifts in the weather conditions of a particular area. The term climate change was coined by Wallace Broecker (a geochemist) in 1975 to emphasize the importance of global temperature. Soon after, this concept was highlighted at different levels. climate change is an issue of great concern as it affects all aspects of our lives. It reflects global warming and thus becomes a one-point threat to human concerns. It adversely affects our environments and thus the human health through causing change in weather patterns, air pollutions, global warming, destroy the agriculture, lowering food productions, and increasing hunger and inadequate nutrition. Due to its potential impacts on our lives, efforts on every scale are being made to overcome the consequences of climate change. Numerous international, national, organizational, and individual efforts are made to develop strategies, guidelines, and rules that help to lower the effects of climate change. Different approaches and methodologies are proposed that help to understand the exact causative agent of climate change and the ways in which it will work effectively.

Microorganisms and climate change

Highlighting the potential role of microorganisms in our environments, like biodegradation, cleaning, and markers of environmental pollution, these are also considered to play an important role in climate change. Their role in climate change is well recognized, as they reflect different aspects of the environment. But their versatility, greater prevalence, and substantial interactions make it difficult to explore their role in climate change and greenhouse gases. These are involved in the production and utilization of greenhouse gases i.e., carbon dioxide, methane, etc. and hence produce positive and negative effects on climate change. On the other hand, the climate change negatively affects the microorganisms by acidification, warming, and a rough temperature, resulting a misbalance in their ecological distribution.    

The effects of microbes on humans and animals are prominent, indicating their importance in our lives. Similarly, the effect of climate change is not only restricted to a few terms; it covers all the environmental changes that include changes in temperature, pH, and soil topological properties, which in turn affect the microbe’s prevalence and distribution. The warming of the earth leads perishable food, more disease cases, and enhanced natural disasters, which lower the microbe’s activities. Fortunately, the physiological potential of microbes, like their growth properties, greater prevalence, and ability to share genetic information, makes them fit for environmental adaptations. These adaptations take place in several ways, like increasing bacterial respiration, developing proteins that resist environmental conditions, etc., and hence helping the microorganisms to survive during climate change. Viruses also have the potential to show adaptation to the environment being affected by climate change. These changes in microbial biology can have a great impact on humans and other animals.   

Microorganisms are also used as a solution to climate change. It is documented that microbial tools can provide a potential solution for climate change in the environment. These can also provide an intricate line of innovation while addressing climate change issues. Likewise, the soil microbiota brings changes to the plants, like making them more resistant to harsh conditions and increasing productivity, while also protecting plants from different climate change effects. A type of bacteria called Methanotrophs has the potential to reduce the emission of methane, a greenhouse gas, and thus lower the effects of climate change.  The different aspects of microorganisms and climate change are illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2. The different aspects of microorganism, climate change, their interactions and solutions.

Humans' activities produce the greenhouse gases (GHG) in large quantities and thus cause change in the climate. Microorganisms can consume these GHGs when they are required for their growth. Despite being pathogenic microorganisms that cause several diseases, other microbes are adversely affected by climate change and ultimately human activities. In the case of pathogenic microbes, climate change can lower their prevalence and hence decrease the burden of infectious diseases.    

The high temperature due to climate change can affect the long-term transport of pathogens and change their prevalence. The scenario becomes more adverse in terms of opportunistic pathogens. There are many ways in which these microbes can fight climate change. These include the conversion of carbon into organic matter, the nitrogen cycle (an important nutrient in plant growth), supporting plant growth, recycling soil nutrients, and reducing soil pollution by lowering the toxic chemicals in the soil. The development of smart agriculture approaches also lowers the effects of climate change.

Conclusion

Microorganisms are the smallest creatures that have existed since billions of years ago. These have a potential effect on humans, animals, and environments. Greater prevalence, versatile nature, dynamic physiological characteristics, rapid growth, and both beneficial and pathogenic nature make microbes an important agent of our biosphere, which cannot be neglected. Recently, climate change and its associated phenomena, i.e., global warming and greenhouse gas production, got special attention due to their substantial effects on humans. Besides plenty of other players in climate change, microorganisms are also included. Microbes have the smallest size but have a bigger effect as they directly affect humans' lives. Both positive and negative effects are identified for both climate change and microorganisms. On the one hand, the microorganisms show adaptations to climate change and thus create resistance; on the other hand, they help to overcome the negative impacts of climate change. In conclusion, microorganisms play an important role in climate change, either by producing resistance in plants or by developing adaptations.

Further reading

1-      https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0222-5

2-      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580166/

3-      https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/mbio.00800-22

4- https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/prevalence-of-microorganisms-in-indoor-household-environments-and-their-pathogenesis-105312.html

5-      https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14030064

The Human Microbiome and Personality Traits

Abrar Hussain

International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan

E-mail: abrarhussain0307@gmail.com

Microorganisms have a ubiquitous distribution and are found in all environmental niches with different capacities and concentrations, making an approximate number of 159,000 species. Bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses, etc. are different types of microorganisms that contribute to different processes. Before the identification of their biotechnological applications, these were considered pathogens, and everyone tried to stay away from them. It’s just the game of a few centuries that changed the whole paradigm, and a large population shifted to use them as positively as possible. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms with beneficial properties, are just a glimpse of this potential. It’s the glory of genetic techniques and biotechnology—the combinatorial approach that both enhanced their usage and identified new applications, besides understanding their proper nature and potential. The collection of microorganisms associated with one particular object is called the microbiome, or microbiota. As described, these microbes are also found in humans, with full pros and cons.

Humans, which are the cream of creation and the most advanced creatures of ALLAH (GOD) in the universe, are the most important integrity of anything, anytime, and anywhere. Diving deep into the human body just reflects the intricate nature, super coordination, and extreme advanced systems. Any minute disturbance can have a huge impact on the whole body. Now it’s the power of thrilling thirst that shows how someone interlinked the two extremes—the human and the microorganisms. It’s the fact that the human body is like a ball diving in a sea of microorganisms, with approximately one human cell per 10 microorganisms. Just for curiosity, the human gut microbiota has 10¹⁴ microbes with 1000 different species, and hence the game starts over here.

Looking critically and asking a question, can this sea of microbes in and/or on the human body have nothing to do with the physiology, psychology, and behavior of the individual? Honestly, the answer is no; these microorganisms played a pivotal role in the mentioned domains of a person's life. Its mow experimentally validated that gut microbiota play a significant role in the physiological status of the animals. The concept of gut-brain axis arises from another mind-blowing research study in which gut microorganisms signify their value in brain and mind functions. Advancing more, these microbes, which are generally called psychobiotics, have potential effects on the treatment of neuropsychological disorders and help with cognition.

Scientifically, it has now been shown that different personality traits are associated with the presence of different microorganisms in the gut. In research, it was identified that both gut microbiome composition and diversity are related to differences in personality like sociability and neuroticism. For instance, it was documented that a person with a large social circle had a diverse microbiome with good health, in contrast to a depressed person, who had lower microbial diversity. Likewise, mood, behavior, stress, and other cognitive functions are affected by the gut microbiota and thus reflect personality traits. Likely, the skin microbiota, which also has diverse bacteria, can affect the appearance of a person. Currently, the modern living style of fewer interactions may create dysbiosis in the gut, thus leading to different consequences. 

In conclusion, both humans and microorganisms are the unique creatures of ALLAH, the one with the most sophisticated and complex nature, while the other with the extreme small size and simplest structure. Although both are crucial and utmost important for each other and greatly affect one another’s functions. 

References and further readings

1.       Hussain, A., Rahman, M., Bibi, T., Fatima, R., Arif, I., Barwant, M. M., & Ali, S. A. (2024). Prevalence of Microorganisms in Indoor Household Environ-ments and their Pathogenesis.

2.       Johnson, K. V. A. (2020). Gut microbiome composition and diversity are related to human personality traits. Human Microbiome Journal, 15, 100069.

3.       https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378625269_The_Friendly_Microbes_the_Probiotics

4.       https://abrarhussain0307.blogspot.com/

5.       http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19473.20325

Published by: EduTarbiyah

Open Mind and Broad Mind: The Personality Traits

Abrar Hussain

International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan.

Email: abrarhussain0307@gmail.com

Introduction

The traits and characteristics that aid in the behavior and uniqueness of a person are referred as a person’s personality. Personality has its influence in every aspect of life. Among other traits in a person’s behavior openness is consider top of them. A similar term “broad mind” is often used interchangeably with the open mind person, although there is a difference between the two. An open minded-person is described by their acceptance of other’s opinions and arguments. By nature, the open mind persons are creative, intelligent, and have the power of patience. While broad mind person means a person having an open mind and a diversity of tolerance. Collectively both of these are important for a person’s growth especially, for their professional grooming. But, most of people misuse these words by describing a character that is directly related to the way of talking and body moments. This is why it is important to understand these two terms and describe their natural potential.

Open-minded person in reality are the real changers and can bring changes not only in their own traits but also in the society and even in the whole world. If a person has to accept other arguments, listen to them patiently, and respond in a better way it may create a difference in the decision. Such persons are empathetic to others even if they disagree with their opinions. But, most of the young generation negatively take the open-mind traits and describe any kind of foolish, fruitless, and idle action of a person. The same meaning is mostly used for the girls, indicating the girl’s immodesty, shamelessness, and impudence. The key possessions of open-mind persons include a non-judgmental attitude, seen both sides of an issue, creating opportunities, have love for adventures, and have curiosity for learning.

The comparative term is the broad mind person who, which in reality is a flexible, tolerant, and free-thinker person that have the potential to gain new ideas and concept in every situation. A broad-minded person has different characteristics, like, having more knowledge, being humble to others, thinking logically, accepting the other perspectives, being time conscious, honest, and using its own wisdom for a decision. In a general way, the broad term is extensively used during a final decision of an argument and when a person solve a problem by their wisdom. 

The characteristics of both of these traits are positive and near to nature, as they accept other arguments, thoughts, and beliefs. These qualities are considered important traits in a person’s life and help them to survive in a better way in society. Understanding the real spirit of these terms can remove the negativity and idleness which are associated with these traits. Being positive traits it is advised to all for its adaptations and real life implementations. Although, it is not acquired easily, but patience and practice can bring these traits to our personal growth.

 

The importance of open mindedness

An open mind individual having the prescribed characteristics are the real changer of any situations. As stated such persons have the potential to think logically and look on both side during an argument which make them a free thinker and a decision making person. In any kind of relationship such person can take care of their friends and try to solve the misconception of any matter. An open-mind persons have the potential to take a step that make a difference, these are not fearing about the consequences of a good decision. They also have to stand in the front of a wrong person with cruel or one sided decisions. The importance of open mindedness is even more important during relationship as they help to think logically and agree or disagree to other’s decision with confident and solid background. They help each individual to grow and provide an opportunity to others to make their own value and statements. It is the most important that being an open minded person one’s can also change their thoughts and assumptions.

The misconception of open-minded person

An open mind individual is considered a grooming personality that have a positive impact on the society and have the potential to change the existing value in the societies. But, as the term as more related to the personal characteristics like, patience, tolerance, acceptance, and open to accept the challenges, unfortunately, in the modern era the term is described more for a person’s action. This change in the paradigm can shift the real meaning into a wrong direction describing the bold steps and shameless behaviors.

Conclusion

Open mind and broad mind are the two key properties in a person’s personality development. A healthy and meaningful personality can be build when the real concept of broad mindedness is followed. This trait will not help an individual growth but also help to create multiple opportunities for others, develop rational thinking, tolerance to harsh behaviors, expand the knowledge, and more importantly to give values to others opinion in any circumstances.  

      

The Friendly Microbes: The Probiotics

Abrar Hussain

HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270 Pakistan (abrarhussain0307@gmail.com)

Published by: https://sindhbiotech.com/magazine/ 

Microorganisms are only seen with a microscope, which means that their presence in or on the body and everywhere can visualized only by a microscope and identified and chartered by different microbiological assays. The coverage of all aspects of these microbes are studied under the branch of natural science, microbiology. Ordinarily when someone hears the term microbe or microorganism, unintentionally the negative aspects of microbes are circulating in their minds. But, in reality the scenario is different, which means that not all microorganisms are pathogenic and harmful, but these are used in a huge application, even for the betterment of human, and thus create the concept of biotechnology, in which the microorganisms are used for the help of humanity. Think about the human microbiota (the collection of all microbes in or on the human body) which is 10 times more than the human body’s cells, and can add up to 2kg of weight and 60,000 genes. If all these microbes were supposed to be dangerous, what would have happened to humans? This thinking and the exclusive presence of microbes in the gut, give an idea that not all these microbes are dangerous, a large number of them are known as friendly or beneficial microbes, scientifically with certain characteristics, and are known as probiotics.  

The concept of probiotics was developed by a Nobel Laureate, Elie Metchnikoff in the early 20^th century, for those microorganisms which have the ability to enhance the host’s life span. With time the term was defined by different scientists, WHO/FAO, and finally by the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP). Probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts can confer health benefit to a host. The probiotic science is growing rapidly which is shown by number of publications targeting the various features of probiotics. Although there are selection criteria that must be followed by a strain (probiotics is strain-dependent phenomena), but still their number is still increasing rapidly. Currently, seven genera of microorganisms are proposed for their probiotic potential. The most common genera are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium followed by Enterococcus. The genus Enterococcus has special properties like genome plasticity, and enterocins production (anti-bacterial substance), which make them fit in the probiotic category, as this genus is not included in Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status.

Which microorganisms are used as probiotics? There is guidelines proposed by European Food Safety Agency (EFSA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Health Organization (WHO), which must be properly stated by the probiotic developer and manufacturer. The strain safety i.e. no virulence and antibiotic resistance genes etc. must be ensured, and the technical and biotechnological properties must be validated. The desired properties in probiotic microorganisms include tolerance to harsh conditions (gut and biotechnological process), free from virulence traits, no antibiotic-resistance genes, production of antimicrobial substances (bacteriocins), killing pathogens, adherence to the mucosal cells, and competition for binding in the gut. There are some properties of selection that are changing with specific applications and usage. The probiotic strain that are developed for human usage require more specific and safety evaluation. The different form of probiotics is also tested for their long-term storage and safety.

Why probiotics got high attention in the research community? The probiotics have a high number of health benefits that range from gut restoration potential to treatment of disease, and from biotechnological applications to food safety enhancement. As already stated these are friendly microorganisms which have an impact on their host, like they can enhance the immunity of the host, restore the gut dysbiosis (imbalance in the gut microbiota), exclude the enteric pathogens, produce bacteriocins, and secrete some metabolites. The more health benefits that are associated with probiotics are, the treatment of diseases, particularly digestive disorders, have anti-aging potential (Gerobiotics), effect on the psychological functions of the brain and mind (Psychobiotics), produce short-chain fatty acids, nitrous oxides, etc., eradicate the food-borne pathogens, enhance the food shelf life, give taste and aroma to the products, maintain the gut integrity, reduce stress and anxiety, helpful in the allergy treatment, and can boost the mood of an individual. Probiotics can also have a safe usage in pregnancy, and can enhance the testosterone level and sperm quality in males. Similarly, in aged people, the lose of memory and blurred vision like problems can also vanish with probiotics as they can help in the focus memory. Currently, extensive research is ongoing to enhance the existing potential of probiotic strains. Probiotics are also considered multifarious weapons for disease treatment and biotechnological applications.

How probiotics are transferred to the host and what are the different forms of probiotics? The probiotics are transferred to the host by various vehicles like yogurt, desserts, cheese, and juices. Each vehicle has its pros and cons, but commonly fermented milk and yogurt are used as delivery vehicles. The common forms of probiotics are tablets, capsules, powders, and liquids. Different form has both advantages and limitations like capsular form required no binder but ineffective in the upper GI tract. Similarly, the tablet form has the advantage of easy administration and effectiveness in the upper GT tract but require binders and has high cost.

How probiotics perform its action? When the probiotics enter to host by various means, they can perform their action through different mechanism. However, the general mechanism of action includes the enhancement of the epithelial cells barrier, promotion binding to mucosal cells, exclusion the enteric pathogens, production of bacteriocins, and immunomodulatory effects. Their action is mostly based on the expression of a particular molecule or secretion of different metabolites, while its effectiveness their related to their adherence and colonization potential.

How much probiotics are effective, or what is the dosage of effective probiotics? Being a strain-dependent nature the amount may vary with strains. Generally, 10⁷ to 10⁹ CFU/ml is recommended for effective usage. The probiotic product should be properly labeled like genus, species, strain, and identification number. Every year the probiotic concerned organization receives a large number of application, calming the potential of their identified probiotics but very less number are approved for animal and human usage, or as a food supplement.

What are the current trends in probiotics? Modern day technologies are opening new doors for applications. In probiotics, the concept of engineered probiotics got the attention. In this approach, the existing strains are edited with the desired properties. The extensive usage of the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) system in different applications is also applied in probiotics and hence, gives the birth of the CRISPR-biotcs. The attraction of the field is also fruitful as a large number of industries are taking an interest in the development of probiotic products. It is estimated that the total incremental growth in probiotics will be $ 31.28 billion from 2019-2024. This huge industry is now developed very well and can contribute to society.

In conclusion, the concept of friendly bacteria is applied practically and used in different applications like food, pharmaceuticals, industrial, biotechnological, and disease treatment. By definition, probiotics are live microorganisms which when taken in enough amounts confer the health benefit on the host. Probiotics have a pretty known beneficial effect and helping in various ways. The development of probiotics can change our idea about the negative affiliation of microbes when we talk about microorganisms. Recently, the field is growing fast and new ideas and concepts are developing with advanced functionalities.

References

1- Thursby, E., & Juge, N. (2017). Introduction to the human gut microbiota. The Biochemical journal, 474(11), 1823–1836. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20160510

2-Gordon, S. (2016). Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth. 223–227. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443331

3-Sanders, M. E. (2008). Probiotics: Definition, Sources, Selection, and Uses. 46(Suppl 2). https://doi.org/10.1086/523341

4-Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., ... & Sanders, M. E. (2014). The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 11(8), 506-514.

5-Hussain, A., Akram, S., Ahmad, D. et al. Molecular Assessment and Validation of the Selected Enterococcal Strains as Probiotics. Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-023-10163-6

6-Rychen, G., Aquilina, G., Azimonti, G., Bampidis, V., Bastos, M. D. L., Bories, G., Chesson, A., Cocconcelli, P. S., Kolar, B., Kouba, M., Marta, L., Flachowsky, G., Mantovani, A., Mayo, B., Ramos, F., Saarela, M., Villa, R. E., Wallace, R. J., Wester, P., Galobart, J. (2018). Guidance on the characterisation of microorganisms used as feed additives or as production organisms. 16(February), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5206

7-Morelli, Lorenzo PhD*; Capurso, Lucio MD†. FAO/WHO Guidelines on Probiotics: 10 Years Later. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 46():p S1-S2, October 2012. | DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318269fdd5

8-Hussain, Abrar. (2023). Health benefits of probiotics. Council for Scientific Approaches, Pakistan, https://www.csapakistan.com/2023/06/06/health-benefits-of-probiotics/

9-Khalighi, Amirreza & Behdani, Reza & Kouhestani, Shabnam. (2016). Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition. 10.5772/63646.

10-Hussain, A. (2022). Probiotics: Selection criteria and mechanism of action. Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 8(ISSN: 2472-1212), 9.

Understanding the Basic and major Concepts in Islam

 https://aboutislam.net/blog/the-basic-and-major-concepts-in-islam/

The Basic and Major Concepts in Islam

Abrar Hussain

International Center for Chemical and Biological Science, University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan. abrarhussain0307@gmail.com

Introduction

Islam is the true religion in the world which has the second largest followers. It is the religion of the world starting from the beginning and will be followed till the end. Due to its eternal nature and comprehensive guidelines, their basics faiths remain constant and not changed at any cost. It is one of the key reasons that attract the non-followers to follow and obey the rules and regulations. Here, some of these basics and key faiths/ concepts are described.

1- The concept of ALLAH 

ALLAH is the one and only creator of the universe. It is the basic faith in Islam that the follower must follow one and only ALLAH, and consider HIM the creator, the greatest, the largest, and the supreme power. According to the Qur’an ALLAH is one and not responsible for neither accountability nor anyone is like HIM. These concepts give the strength of power to the followers and exclude all those who claim ALLAH authority. The basic faiths about ALLAH include the following.

1-      ALLAH is one and only one

2-      ALLAH is the creator of the whole universe including humans

3-      HE has neither children nor parents

4-      HE is the supreme and omnipotent

5-      HE can do everything, nothing is impossible

6-      HE is the one to whom we will return

7-      ALLAH judge everyone equally

8-      ALLAH is transcendent (above and beyond anything that exists in the world)

9-      ALLAH is Immanent (close to every human and within all things on Earth)

2- The Concept of Messenger (Prophet) 

ALLAH has sent HIS messenger to righteously guide HIS servants to the straight path. These pious, innocent, chosen, and selected HUMANs are the messengers or prophets of ALLAH. The only mission of all these messengers is to convey the message of the ALLAH and guide them to the right way. Approximately one lakh and twenty-four thousand such messengers were sent for this mission, although about 25 names are mentioned in the Quran. Some important beliefs about messengers include these following.

1-                  These are humans

2-                  They were chosen by ALLAH

3-                  They were guided by ALLAH

4-                  They preach the Islam

5-                  They were specific for a specific area and time except Last prophet.

6-                  Some prophets have unique characters

7-                  They act as a role model for everyone

8-                  They reprimand the polytheist and atheist

9-                  All prophets were brave, generous, honest, perspicacious, and spiritual teachers

10-              Hazrat MUHAMAAD S.A.W. is the LAST prophet of ALLAH

3- The Concept of Angles 

Angles are the non-human creation of ALLAH which are created from light and every time pray to ALLAH. Belief in angle existence is a fundamental part of the Islamic faith. Angles are the amazing creators of ALLAH. In Quran and hadith, both give us thoughts about angles. The basic belief of a Muslim about angles include the following.

1-      These are created from light and perform ALLAH commands every time.

2-      These are innocent and sinless.

3-      They performed various works like conveying revelations, bringing rain to the earth, blowing the air, protecting the humans, recording our deeds, etc.

4-      They are different from human beings not having will like humans.

5-      They have no gender.

6-      Although the exact number is unknown, but four of them are noble and the main angles.

7-      The exact functions, duties, and role of all angles are known to ALLAH only.

4-The concept of Holy/Divine Books 

Islam, the true and eternal religion in the world has a comprehensive and complete guidance system for their followers. To follow the ALLAH commands correctly and righteously the ALLAH revealed a few books (four major books) to HIS messengers. All the messengers are the true reflectors, explanators, and preachers of these books. They convey the book’s messages to all the people in an effective way. Due to the ALLAH commands and orders to the followers, the Muslims have the following belief about these holy and divine books. These books are Zabur (Psalms) was sent to David (Dawud), Torah sent to Moses (Musa), Injeel (Gospel) sent to Jesus (Isa), and Quran sent to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

1-                  ALLAH revealed books for the guidance of their followers.

2-                  Four books are the main and major books.

3-                  All three books are not following now, only the Quran is following.

4-        The Quran is the complete code of life and contains all the comprehensive rules for human life.

5-                Only the Quran is still in its original state, no one can change even a single dot in the Quran.

6-                  ALLAH protected the Quran from any distortion and took this responsibility. 

7-                  The Quran is revealed in the Arabic language.

5-The concept of Qayama 

As mentioned earlier that everyone is responsible for his/her own deeds. It is also mentioned in the Quran that everyone should get the reward of their deeds. Therefore, it is important that all people are gathered and a correct system must require to give the rewards. In ISLAM the rewards of each’s deeds should be given on a specific day called Judgemental Day/ Resurrection Day or the day of Qayamat. Before that day there are some events that indicate the near time of Qayamat. Being the crucial part of Muslim belief, Muslim have the following thoughts about Qayamat.

1- The Qayamat has a specific time and it will come on that day.

2- All the people from the beginning to the end will be gathered.

3-On that day everyone should receive their proper rights, there will be no injustice.

4-On that day the Muslims will be successful and the infidels will be given hell fire.

5- The record of every person should be given to the respective persons.

6- Some events are already happened.

6-The concepts of right and wrong 

Any action a human can perform in this world me fall into two categories. In ISLAM as already documented, every man and women is responsible for their deeds, and according to their action the person will receive the reward on the day of Qayamat. In ISLAM the action will be right if it is according to ALLAH command and HIS prophet MUHAMMAD S.A.W.’s teaching. Morality is the key part of the rights action and Islam is strongly emphasize on the good characters. The basic thoughts of a Muslim about rights and wrongs include the following.

1-All actions which are according to ALLAH command are rights.

2-ISLAM have proper and defined boundaries of right and wrong.

3-Every individual should follow the Islamic principle of right and wrong or good and bad, instead of using their own concepts.

4-The person who’s done right things should receive a good reward and there will be hellfire for those who are doing wrong.

5- We are not free to do what comes in our mind or what we can do, is freely done.

7-The concept of Death 

It is a universal truth that every individual should taste death. Humans, animals, and other living things should die before the day of judgment. But, there is a difference in concept after the life of death. According to Muslim theology death is the beginning of a new life which is in the form of Heaven or hell. The basic thoughts about death are the following.

1.     .Death is not the ending of our life, actually it is the beginning of a new life.
2.       Every individual has a specific time which they are spending in this world.
3.       Not only humans but all other things should be destroyed before the day of judgment.
4.       After death every human should get their reward. i.e. good or bad.
5.       Both life and death are according to the well of ALLAH.

Conclusion

The basic belief of a Muslim about ALLAH is HE is the one, superpower, eternal, and sent down many messengers to the earth for the guidance of mankind. The Muslims have the faith that he is responsible for their every deed and according to their deeds they will get the rewards i.e. heaven or hellfire. May ALLAH keep us the true followers of Islam.